Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. “While now central to the contemporary global economy and the reproduction of global production networks, it is only quite recently that advertising has been more than a marginal influence on patterns of sales and production. The formation of modern advertising was intimately bound up with the emergence of new forms of monopoly capitalism around the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century as one element in corporate strategies to create, organize and where possible control markets, especially for mass produced consumer goods.

Mass production necessitated mass consumption, and this in turn required a certain homogenization of consumer tastes for final products. At its limit, this involved seeking to create ‘world cultural convergence’, to homogenize consumer tastes and engineer a ‘convergence of lifestyle, culture and behaviours among consumer segments across the world’.”

Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the "brand image" . For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed ]

Organizations that frequently spend large sums of money on advertising that sells what is not, strictly speaking, a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations, and military recruiters. Non-profit organizations are not typical advertising clients, and may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as public service announcements

BSNL

BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide convergent services through the same backbone and broadband access network.

The Broadband service will be available on DSL technology (on the same copper cable that is used for connecting telephone), on a countrywide basis spanning 198 cities.
In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India at par with more advanced nations.

The services that would be supported includes always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential and business customers, Content based services, Video multicasting, Video-on-demand and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video conferencing, IP Telephony, Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees.

The subscribe will be able to access the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System (SSSS) portal.

Customer Service Outsourcing Services

A company's decision to outsource customer service is based upon many considerations. Customer service outsourcing is certainly a way to free your business from the time and expense required to run an effective customer care center, to focus your talents on your core competencies.
But there are also concerns. You want your customer service outsourcing solution to be transparent to your customers. It's crucial that they feel as though they're calling your company, that they're speaking to your employees, someone who knows your products and/or services, your culture, your brand. Someone who can effectively address technical concerns and support your products.
It's vital that you're able to analyze your customer service outsourcing solution's performance, that your customer care or customer acquisition program has the flexibility to respond to unforeseen trends and call volume surges. Talk to Interactive World for creation and delivery of proven customer service outsourcing solutions.
When you outsource customer service with Interactive World, we become an extension of your company; deep training combined with talent and proven experience enables our agents to be your agents, developing a more meaningful dialogue with your customers and, with it, a longer, more profitable lifecycle.

Silver markets

Silver is one of the precious metals which was first located during 3000 to 2500 B.C. in the area of Armenia. It is unusual among the metals in the sense that most of it is not produced from silver mines. Over 75% of the global silver is produced as a by-product of another metal. Silver production is influenced by a far wider range of factors other than those relating specifically to the silver market.
Most of the silver production activity is therefore relatively insensitive to the price of silver, even though the demand for silver has surpassed supply for many years. There are not a lot of primary silver producers in the world and the world mined silver supply has been constant for years now.Modern technology have revealed the remarkable range of electrical, mechanical, optical and medicinal properties that have placed silver as the key metal in many applications today.
Silver consists of two types of markets—Physical markets, which are operated by bullion dealers, banks and commodity dealers; and the paper silver market. The London Bullion Market is the leading physical market, the global hub of OTC (Over-the-Counter) trading in silver, is the metal’s main physical market. Metal industry participants use the exchange for hedging, to protect themselves against adverse fluctuations in metal prices. In this a bidding price generates a daily reference price known as the fix.
The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) is the largest physical commodities futures exchange in the world. The exchange trades in oil, gasoline, heating oil, natural gas, propane, silver, gold, platinum and palladium. The COMEX (Commodity Exchange) division’s silver futures and options contracts are used by wide variety of market players in the silver industry to hedge price risk. Silver futures are used in investment portfolios. Options contract are not yet valid in India. Silver is invariably quoted in the US dollar per troy ounce.

Gold markets

India is the largest consumer of gold in the world. Enactment of Gold Control Act in 1962 foreboded gold trade in any form, which continued for almost 30 years. Liberalization in 1991 saw efforts to slowly revive the gold market in the country, in sync with the other sectors of economy.

Thus, since 1991, demand for gold has been increasingly met by official imports. The results are obvious in the form of reduced smuggling, unofficial premiums and enhanced government revenue, by way of customs and sales tariffs.

The increasing gold trade deserves an efficient bullion exchange in India, for which there is a need to develop an efficient spot and forwards market, sufficient liquidity, regular, safe and cheap supply system with good delivery standards are some of the prerequisites for smooth functioning of a bullion exchange.
The recent decision of the International Monetary Fund & other central bankers against selling gold for the next five years signifies the faith placed in this metal by the leading economies of the world. Gold will continue to play a decisive role in world economy in the next millennium.

Commodity trading

Commodity trading is nothing but trading in commodity derivatives (futures or options). In other words, if you are keen at taking a buy/sell position based on the future performance of commodities like gold, silver, agricultural commodities, metals, crude etc; then you could do so by trading in commodity derivatives.

Commodity derivatives are traded at the commodity exchanges. There are currently 2 major commodity exchanges NCDEX (National Commodity and Derivative Exchange) and MCX (Multi-Commodity Exchange).
Gold, Silver, Agri-commodities including grains, pulses, spices, oils and oilseeds, mentha oil, metals and crude are some of the commodities that the exchanges deal in.

History of Insurance in India

Insurance in India has its history dating back till 1818, when Oriental Life Insurance Company was started by Europeans in Kolkata to cater to the needs of European community. Pre-independent era in India saw discrimination among the life of foreigners and Indians with higher premiums being charged for the latter.

It was only in the year 1870, Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society, the first Indian insurance company covered Indian lives at normal rates.
At the dawn of the twentieth century, insurance companies started mushrooming up. In the year 1912, the Life Insurance Companies Act, and the Provident Fund Act were passed to regulate the insurance business.

The Life Insurance Companies Act, 1912 made it necessary that the premium rate tables and periodical valuations of companies should be certified by an actuary. However, the disparage still existed as discrimination between Indian and foreign companies.
The oldest existing insurance company in India is National Insurance Company Ltd, which was founded in 1906 and is doing business even today. The Insurance industry earlier consisted of only two state insurers: Life Insurers i.e. Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurers i.e. General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC). GIC had four subsidiary companies.
With effect from December 2000, these subsidiaries have been de-linked from parent company and made as independent insurance companies: Oriental Insurance Company Limited, New India Assurance Company Limited, National Insurance Company Limited and United India Insurance Company Limited.

Hanna Industries

Pioneers in Henna Based Hair Colors, we are the largest manufacturers and exporters of Henna Hair Care products in India. And now we are offering a wide variety of hair care products for all segments.

Welcome to the website of Henna Industries Pvt. Ltd. We are part of the Henna Group, which is emerging very fast on the map of Indian Hair Care Industry.

We are in the hair color business since last 40 years and have penetrated the Indian market thoroughly. Our Hair Color products have already made a presence all over the world.

Apart from Hair Color business we are also in the Education and Real Estate Businesses. Our Group Turnover has crossed US$ 200 Million in the year 2006.

Indo-South African business relations

Strategically located on the world's major trade routesSouth Africa has been a premier trading hub of the world. The business opportunities between India and South Africa are immense and bilateral trade over the last 8 to 9 years has spiralled phenomenally from Rs 49.2 million in 1992-93 to Rs 93.78 billion in 1999-00.

India is the eleventh largest investor in south Africa providing opportunities for technology transfer in the sectors of health care and biotechnology, agro-processing, textiles, components for heavy and light industries including electrical and automotive. Ample scope for information technology drugs and pharmaceuticals, sports goods, leather goods and electronic components also exists.
After having successfully showcased Indian products under the 'Made in India' label twice in Mauritius and one each in Japan, Kenya, UK Tanzania and once already in Johanessburg, the decision to hold it in the same venue again is a well-thought out strategy.
According to a CII release, the African continent as a whole is an ideal form location from where India could reach out to the USA market by using it as a base under the aegis of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. This legislation passed last year in the US enables 34 qualifying African countries to make duty-free exports to the US.

Food India News
Tecnovinis, Exhibition of Techniques and Technologies for Wine Growing and Wine Producing. The International Wine Salon is a specialised event that assemble the main companies, presenting the great quality of Portuguese wines from all over the mainland and the island.
East Agriflor Argentina is to take place in the beginning of June, a time when sowing and planting issues hold great interest for all who cultivate land.
Agrifex Ethiopia will explore technological collaboration in the field of dairy and agri research and sharing of know-how with the developing countries who are interested to use Ethiopia's experience in the green and white resolution.
Agri Food Ethiopia will cover all kinds of consumer and industrial products, services, machinery and technology and will be of high standard, Middle East Africa and North America.

Education for Girls
Education of girls, especially those belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, is the primary focus in Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Efforts will be made to mainstream gender concerns in all the activities under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme. Mobilization at the habitation/village/urban slum level, recruitment of teachers, upgradation of primary into upper primary schools, incentives like midday meals, uniforms, scholarships, educational provision like textbooks and stationery, will all take into account the gender focus.
Every activity under the programme will be judged in terms of its gender component. Besides mainstreaming, special efforts like the Mahila Samakhya type of mobilization and organization, back-to school camps for adolescent girls, large-scale process based constitution of Mahila Samoohs, will also be attempted. The selection criteria takes into account the low female literacy among the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe women.
The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan recognizes the need for special efforts to bring the out-of-school girls, especially from disadvantaged sections, to school. This would require a proper identification of girls who are out of school in the course of microplanning. It also calls for involving women through participatory processes in the effective management of schools. Experiences across the states under Mahila Samakhya and under the District Primary Education Programme have suggested the need for a clear perspective on women's issues.
The provision for girls' education would have to be situated in the local contexts and interventions designed to suit the specific community needs in this regard. Special interventions need to be designed to address learning needs of girls and relating education to their life. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is committed to making these interventions possible.

ARTICLES RELATED TO BUSINESS

Business refers to at least three closely related commercial topics. The first is a commercial, professional or industrial organization or enterprise, generally referred to as "a business." The second is commercial, professional, and industrial activity generally, as in "business continues to evolve as markets change." Finally, business can be used to refer to a particular area of economic activity, such as the "record business" or the "computer business" (see Industry). This article is concerned primarily with the first definition of individual businesses, but also contains links to general business.
It is fair to say that most modern philosophers of business are involved in other philosophical or scholarly pursuits, and that they come to the philosophy of business as a sub-specialty, or only indirectly because it relates to another area of interest. Thus, they are primarily philosophers dealing with other subjects, economists
, or business management theorists.
There are many types of businesses, and, as a result, businesses can be classified in many ways. One of the most common focuses on the primary profit-generating activities of a business, for example: Manufacturers produce products, from raw materials or component parts, which they then sell at a profit. Companies that make physical goods, such as cars or pipes, are considered manufacturers.Canadian Business is the longest-publishing business magazine in Canada. It was founded in 1928 as The Commerce of the Nation, the organ of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. The magazine was renamed Canadian Business in 1933. The association with the Chamber of Commerce ended in 1977. It is owned by Rogers Communications

Sustainability in Printing

As a result, publishing houses are taking note and raising the bar of what they expect from vendors! They're setting the standards for paper procurement with magazines, books and newspapers on the path to become carbon neutral.
On the supplier side, new developments in green inks, bio-solvents and the changes occurring in the printing methods are some of the responses to new market requirements.

Sustainability in Printing offers a unique opportunity to showcase your products and services all while accessing a high level network of industry leaders who are shaping the sustainable printing and paper making strategies of today and tomorrow.

Depending on your goals and the level of sponsorship, a benefits package can be designed to target a narrow audience or a broad group and may include event recognition as well as publicity, marketing and promotional opportunities and complimentary event passes.

Printing

This is the core service we provide. Our printing process covers all the market areas and we have the latest technology and know how currently in existence. Printing can be done on many levels and we offer litho, Silk, and pad services.
Our printing team can build on your ability to liaise with the design team and produce realistic and affordable solutions that are tailored to your every need. We have the equipment and staff, qualifying us as masters at the printing art.
We can print on any item whether it is a simple business card or an umbrella, we are thereto help you realise your aspirations.
Our business starter-packs include letterheads, compliment slips, and business card printing and can be supplied on a wide range of papers, including a selection of recycled stock

Blue cross of India

The Blue Cross of India was established in 1964 to alleviate the suffering of animals. It has grown from small beginnings to become one of India's largest animal welfare organisations, running active animal welfare, animal rights and humane education programmes.
To ensure that all moneys received by the Society are used exclusively for animal welfare activities, the administration and non-medical activities of the Blue Cross of India are looked after by members who donate their time and expertise on a purely honorary basis.
The Captain Sundaram Animal Centre was inaugurated in 1997. Situated at Guindy, the new centre has provision to house 200 large animals and 200 dogs, besides a cat shelter and a large aviary. The Konica Adoption Centre for puppies and kittens, donated by Mr.J.P.Acharya of Nippon Enterprises South, was also inaugurated on Nov 30, 1997.

ICICI bank
India is a country of the future," observes Nick Vardy in The Global Stock Investor. And his current favorite play on this market is ICICI (NYSE: IBN). He notes, "ICICI can be considered India's 'Citibank' -- and it is angling to profit from India's growth in many ways." The advisor points out that the Delhi Master Plan 2021 -- a government plan to transform New Delhi from a "chaotic city into a clean, organized and world-class metropolis" -- proposes making land available to build 2.4 million housing units in Delhi.
He notes that ICICI Venture Funds Management Co. -- a joint venture with Tishman Speyer, a U.S. real-estate company -- is already actively looking at funding a large chunk of the project. The prospects look strong.
Meanwhile, he adds, ICICI Bank's international aspirations continue to bear fruit. Recently, he states, ICICI received a license to set up a branch in the Qatar Financial Centre, Doha, Qatar. According to Vardy, ICICI Bank is the first Indian bank to receive a license from Qatar Financial Centre Regulatory Authority (QFCRA).
He explains, "Perhaps no other stock in our portfolio demonstrates better that it is important to stick with strong-growth megatrends, no matter how volatile the ride can be. I continue to be very bullish on the long-term prospects of ICICI bank and the stock remains a long-term buy and my #1 pick on the global financial-services megatrend."

Mutual funds

mutual fund is a company that pools money from many investors and invests the money in stocks, bonds, short-term money-market instruments, or other securities. Legally known as an "open-end company," a mutual fund is one of three basic types of investment company. The two other basic types are closed-end funds and Unit Investment Trusts (UITs).
Mutual funds come in many varieties. For example, there are index funds, stock funds, bond funds,money market funds, and more. Each of these may have a different investment objective and strategy and a different investment portfolio. Different mutual funds may also be subject to different risks, volatility, and fees and expenses.
All funds charge management fees for operating the fund. Some also charge for their distribution and service costs, commonly referred to as "12b-1" fees. Some funds may also impose sales charges or loads when you purchase or sell fund shares. In this regard, a fund may offer different "classes" of shares in the same portfolio, with certain fees and expenses varying among classes.
To figure out how the costs of a mutual fund add up over time and to compare the costs of different mutual funds, you should use the SEC’s Mutual Fund Cost Calculator. Some funds may reduce their sales charges depending on the amount you invest in the fund. At certain thresholds, known as breakpoints, you may receive increasingly lower sales charges as your investment increases.

Maha bharatham

Maha rishi Veda Vyaasar saw the entire Mahaa Bharatham through his inner vision. He wanted to preserve it for the welfare of the future generations. Lord Brahma advised him to ask Lord Ganesha to write it down as he composed the verses. Lord Ganesha is said to have used his tusk to write the Maha Bharatham on the Himalayas.
It comprises of 18 parvas (parvam) - Adi parvam, Sabha parvam, Vana parvam, Virata parvam, Udyoga parvam, Bhishma parvam, Drona parvam, Karna parvam, Shalya parvam, Sauptika parvam, Stri parvam, Shanti parvam, Anushasana parvam, Asvamedhika parvam, Ashramavasika parvam, Mausala parvam, Mahaprasthanika parvam, Swargarohana parvam.
Harivamsa parvam dealing with the life of Lord Krishna is not covered in the 18 parvams of Mahabharatham.
These 18 parvams contain 98 sub parvams of 2,382 chapters. There are a total of 96,635 slokas that are available now. Vyasar is said to have composed 60 lakh shlokams.

Christmas
The festival of Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ and conveys his message of love, tolerance and brotherhood. It's a celebration of humanity and mankind. Though Christmas is a primary festival of the Christian calendar but still it has a special significance in everyone's life. It is celebrated as a universal festival through out the nation. The first mention of 25th December as the birth date of Jesus occurred in 336 A.D. in an early Roman calendar. That day onwards this date is celebrated as the birth date of Jesus. In India this festival has a special significance since India is known for its unity in diversity worldwide.
The celebration of Christmas shows that even people from different religion takes part in Christmas celebration just as the Indian Christians do. And because of European influence on the country for so long the religion has spread across the country. The doctrines and philosophies of Christianity converted people of many sects to Christianity and today, there is a large Christian community thriving in India that has adopted the Christians festivals as a part of Indian culture as well. However, many of the rituals of these Christian festivals have been modified to suit the climatic conditions of the land.Christmas is the most important festival of Indian Christians. Christians in India decorate banana or mango trees instead of traditional pine tree. They also light small oil-burning lamps as Christmas decorations and fill their churches with red flowers. As a part of their celebration they give Christmas gifts to their family members and token of money to poor people as charity. People decorate their houses and churches with poinsettia flowers for the midnight mass.
In South India, the Christians put small clay lamps on the rooftops and walls of their houses at Christmas, just as the Hindus do during their festival called Diwali. In Goa, all hotels are jampacked during Christmas period and one must plan well in advance if planning a stay in one of the Goa hotels. The local Indian customs and tradition and customs have a heavy impact on the Indian Christian. And this is visible in their decoration as many Indian Christians decorate their houses with mango leaves. Churches often have an Evening Service on Christmas and are fabulously decorated with poinsettias and candles. Caroling processions on streets and thoroughfares can also be seen.

India's Independence Day
15th August the red-letter day in the Indian calendar is celebrated as the Independence Day of India. The date commemorates the day when India achieved freedom from the British rule in the year 1947. It has been a long journey for India 1947. After more than two hundred years of British rule, India finally won backs its freedom on 15th August, 1947.

In history this date has a special significance as it gave birth to a new nation and a new era. Independence Day was also the end of nearly a century of struggle for freedom, battles, betrayals and sacrifices. It gave us the freedom to choose between right and wrong also created a situation where we were responsible for ourselves. Independence Day is an occasion to rejoice in our freedom and to pay collective homage to all those people who sacrificed their lives to the cause. The day is marked with flag hosting and cultural programs in the state capital and the Prime Minister's speech at the Red Fort in Delhi is the major attraction of the day's celebration. The day is celebrated as a national holiday. Schools and people hoist the national flag through out the country and put them up on the rooftops and the buildings.

It is a day of celebration across India and people of all age are in a holiday mood. All the government offices are closed on this day but they are lit up with tri color lights and flag hoisting ceremonies are performed in almost all the schools and colleges to mark the occasion. Roads are decorated with tricolor flags and lights to give a patriotic feel.

Deepawali Celebrations
The festival of Diwali reminds us of the festive season of joy, splendor, enthusiasm and happiness. It is the festival of lights and is celebrated with great excitement by all Indians all over the world. The uniqueness of the festival is that it is celebrated for five days and each of the days has a special significance and importance. Each of the five days is based of five varied philosophies, with each day to a special thought or ideal.

The first day of Diwali is called the Dhanteras, Dhanwantari Triodasi or Dhantryaodashi, which falls on the thirteenth day of the month of Ashwin. On this day, Lord Dhanwantari came out of the ocean with Ayurveda for mankind. This day marks the beginning of Diwali celebrations. On this day at sunset offerings are made of sweets during worship time to Lord Yama (the Lord of Death) for the protection from untimely death. It is mainly done near a Tulsi tree (basil tree) or any other sacred tree.The second day is called the Narak Chaturdasi. It is the Choti Diwali celebration. On this day Lord Krishna killed the demon Narakasur and made the world free from evil power. It falls on the fourteenth lunar day of the dark fortnight of the month of Kartik and the eve of Diwali. The third and the most important day of Diwali is marked with Lakshmi Puja. It is the main day of celebration. On this day Goddess Laxmi is worshipped. All the Hindu family clean their house and themselves and join with their families and relative the puja of divine Goddess Lakshmi to achieve the blessings of wealth and prosperity, the triumph of good over evil and light over darkness. Diwali marks the last day of financial year in traditional Hindu business and businessmen perform Chopda Pujan on this day on the new books of accounts.

Any new business or venture starts with Diwali puja. The fourth day of Diwali is called Padwa or VarshaPratipada and Govardhan Puja, that marks the coronation of King Vikramaditya and Vikaram-Samvat was started from this Padwa day. On this day, Govardhan Pooja is performed. Many thousands of years ago, Lord Krishna caused the people of Vraja to perform Govardhan Pooja. From that time onwards every year Hindus worship Govardhan. This day is also observed as Annakoot and prayers are offered in the temples. The fifth day of Diwali is celebrated as Bhai Duj or Bhratri Dooj. This is the day after Goverdhan Pooja is performed and normally two days after Diwali. It is a day dedicated to brothers and sisters. The rituals are more or less like Raksha Bandhan where the sisters pray for the well being of their brothers. The celebration of Bhai Dooj marks the end of the five days of Diwali celebrations. This is also known as Bhai fota among Bengalis. Bhai fota is an event especially among Bengalis when the sister prays for her brother's safety, success and well-being.

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is one of the oldest languages of the world. Among the current languages which possess a hoary antiquity like Latin or Greek, Sanskrit is the only language which has retained its pristine purity. It has maintained its structure and vocabulary even today as it was in the past.

Sanskrit is a language for humanity and not merely a means for communication within a society. The oldest surviving literature of the world, viz. the Vedas, encompass knowledge in virtually every sphere of human activity.
The grammar of Sanskrit has attracted scholars world over. It is very precise and upto date and remains well defined even today. Of late, several persons have expressed the opinion that Sanskrit is the best language for use with computers. Sanskrit, the vocabulary of which is derived from root syllables, is ideal for coining new scientific and technological terms. The need to borrow words or special scientific terms does not arise. Sanskrit comprises fifty one letters or aksharas. In other languages, we refer to the letters of the alphabet of the language. We know that the word alphabet is derived from the names of the first two letters of Greek. The term alphabet has no other meaning except to denote the set of letters in the language. In contrast, the word "akshara" in Sanskrit denotes something fundamental and significant. One of the direct meanings of the word is that it denotes the set of letters of Sanskrit from the first to the last. The word also means that the sound of the letter does not ever get destroyed and thus signifies the eternal quality of the sound of the letters. The consequence of this meaning is that the sound of a word is essentially the sounds of the aksharas in the word, a concept which will help simplify text to speech applications with computers.

Carnatic music

A systematic learning of Carnatic music under a competent teacher enables one to sing in a disciplined manner with adherence to the laid down rules with an understanding of the concept of Carnatic music Even a prodigious talent needs the guidance of a guru (teacher) to shape and polish his genius.

There are various stages of learning Carnatic music, starting from the Swaravali (Sarali Varisai) which train and tune the voice and the mind. Purandaradasa developed a system of teaching Carnatic music, starting with Sarali Varisai in Mayamalavagowlai ragam and gradually built up till Gitam.

This pattern is being followed even today. Purandaradasa was the trendsetter in developing a teaching methodology for Carnatic music and is hailed as the "Father of Carnatic music".

Depending on the range and quality of the voice, the pitch is selected. The pitch is called "sruti" in Carnatic music. Clean adherence to sruti is the mark of a good singer.

Indian dance
India can boast of an innumerable number of folk dances, each dance forming a specialty of a particular region or tribe. Each form will have its own specialty & grace, along with a set pattern of costumes & make-up.
The classical dance forms which have developed, have set rules that have been followed traditionally over the years. On the basic model, various gurus incorporate their own imaginative innovations, leading to various schools within a particular dance form. Apart from the gracious hand & leg postures & movements, the dancers have to acquire the skill of portraying various emotions faithfully in each expression on their face & each fluid movement of their hand, legs & in fact their whole body.
Every part conveys some meaning in their graceful motion. The various dance forms have also developed a particular form of make-up for the performance, which is a skill by itself. Several dance schools today, incorporate costume designing & make-up as special section of the curriculum.
The costumes for all forms are elaborate & rich, but each form & style have their own traditional patterns set down. Jewels for the dancers are also specially created to suit their purpose. Flowers adorn their hair & in the case of portrayal of Gods, their necks as garlands. The hall is also richly decorated with flowers. Application of mehendi in various styles is also an essential part of the make-up in most forms

Financial markets
Organized financial markets have existed in India for more than a century. Today, markets of varying maturity exist in equity, debt, commodities and foreign exchange.
There are 25 stock markets all over the country, the most important of which, are the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange. The rupee has been convertible on the current account since 1992.
India's total market capitalization touched Rs 644.67 billion, with an average daily turnover of Rs 2,384 million, in December 1995. India's market capitalization was the 6th highest among the emerging markets.
The number of companies listed on the BSE at the end of December 1994 was 4,702. This was more than the aggregate total of companies listed in 9 emerging markets (Malaysia, S.Africa, Mexico, Taiwan, Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Brazil and Chile).

Banking in India
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central bank. Though the banking industry is currently dominated by public sector banks, numerous private and foreign banks exist.
Commercial banking system in India consists of 272 scheduled banks and four non-scheduled banks as on March 31, 1994. Of the scheduled banks, 224 are in the public sector and these account for about 82.4% of the commercial banking system. In the public sector banking system, there are 196 Regional Rural Banks(RRBs) and the rest 28 are regular commercial banks.
RRBs were set up especially to increase the flow of credit to small borrowers in the rural areas. These banks have specified areas of operations usually limited to two or three districts. Among the public sector banks, the State Bank of India is the largest (as on March 31, 1994) with 8,715 offices, deposits of Rs 892,910 million and advances of Rs 501,110 million.
The banking system has grown enormously in the last thirty years.

Power sector in India
Communications, undoubtedly, is one of the most critical infrastructure requirements of a nation. A country like India, with it's 900 million population, over 500 districts, nearly 5,000 villages and sprawling metropolis' having population equivalent to that of many countries needs an extensive infrastructure to serve such a large mass of humanity . The DoT was, till middle of 1994, the government's sole institution for meeting the telcom needs of the country.
The DoT is a division of the Ministry of Communications. DoT has been the owner of the national telcom network other than for Delhi and Bombay.. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL) is the owner of telcom networks in Delhi and Bombay. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) is the international arm of the Indian telcom sector. Both MTNL and VSNL are government controlled corporates. The scenario is changing, with the deregulation of this sector. Privatisation of the basic services is not absolute as the government will continue to regulate tariffs and allocate areas for operating networks.
The telcom scenario has been undergoing rapid transformation, particularly in the last decade, when selective competition was introduced in the basic telcom services. It must be emphasized that selective competition was introduced only after a network had attained a certain size and traffic volume. Even then, the competition that can be or has been introduced in the system is limited.
Only five amongst the 19 countries that have introduced privatisation allow competition in the loop and only six allow competition in the trunk services. Here too, the carriers are restricted to two or at most three. This is in clear contrast with India's current National Telecommunications Policy (NTP) of allowing 30 or more telcom local network operators. As per the new policy, a multiplicity of operators is envisaged even in the local loop. Areas in which India can offer joint ventures for production and technology transfer are switching equipment, cables and transmission equipment, terminal equipment and software for telecom.

Telecommunication
Communications, undoubtedly, is one of the most critical infrastructure requirements of a nation. A country like India, with it's 900 million population, over 500 districts, nearly 5,000 villages and sprawling metropolis' having population equivalent to that of many countries needs an extensive infrastructure to serve such a large mass of humanity . The DoT was, till middle of 1994, the government's sole institution for meeting the telcom needs of the country.
The DoT is a division of the Ministry of Communications. DoT has been the owner of the national telcom network other than for Delhi and Bombay.. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL) is the owner of telcom networks in Delhi and Bombay. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) is the international arm of the Indian telcom sector. Both MTNL and VSNL are government controlled corporates. The scenario is changing, with the deregulation of this sector. Privatisation of the basic services is not absolute as the government will continue to regulate tariffs and allocate areas for operating networks.
The telcom scenario has been undergoing rapid transformation, particularly in the last decade, when selective competition was introduced in the basic telcom services. It must be emphasized that selective competition was introduced only after a network had attained a certain size and traffic volume. Even then, the competition that can be or has been introduced in the system is limited.
Only five amongst the 19 countries that have introduced privatisation allow competition in the loop and only six allow competition in the trunk services. Here too, the carriers are restricted to two or at most three. This is in clear contrast with India's current National Telecommunications Policy (NTP) of allowing 30 or more telcom local network operators. As per the new policy, a multiplicity of operators is envisaged even in the local loop. Areas in which India can offer joint ventures for production and technology transfer are switching equipment, cables and transmission equipment, terminal equipment and software for telecom.

Infrastructure
Growth of the infrastructure sectors is a critical pre-requisite for a sustainable growth of the economy. Investments into these sectors have accounted for a major share of public spending for most of the last fifty years.
Adequate, cost-effective and quality infrastructure is crucial for economic growth and development. It also affects international competitiveness and flow of direct international investments. The ongoing economic reforms, thus, attach a high priority to the better utilization of existing infrastructure assets and fresh development also, in order that existing bottlenecks do not inhibit the overall economic growth and export dynamism.
The responsibility of creating infrastructure services has been, until recently, given to the public sector, which has been beset by various problems. To achieve greater efficiency and accountability in these sectors, the government has introduced structural reforms to encourage private participation and competition in infrastructure services. These reform measures have triggered immense opportunities for private investment in this sector.

Indian economy
The seventh largest and second most populous country in the world, India has long been considered a country of unrealised potential. A new spirit of economic freedom is now stirring in the country, bringing sweeping changes in its wake. A series of ambitious economic reforms aimed at deregulating the country and stimulating foreign investment has moved India firmly into the front ranks of the rapidly growing Asia Pacific region and unleashed the latent strengths of a complex and rapidly changing nation.
India's process of economic reform is firmly rooted in a political consensus that spans her diverse political parties. India's democracy is a known and stable factor, which has taken deep roots over nearly half a century. Importantly, India has no fundamental conflict between its political and economic systems. Its political institutions have fostered an open society with strong collective and individual rights and an environment supportive of free economic enterprise.
India's time tested institutions offer foreign investors a transparent environment that guarantees the security of their long term investments. These include a free and vibrant press, a judiciary which can and does overrule the government, a sophisticated legal and accounting system and a user friendly intellectual infrastructure. India's dynamic and highly competitive private sector has long been the backbone of its economic activity. It accounts for over 75% of its Gross Domestic Product and offers considerable scope for joint ventures and collaborations.
Today, India is one of the most exciting emerging markets in the world. Skilled managerial and technical manpower that match the best available in the world and a middle class whose size exceeds the population of the USA or the European Union, provide India with a distinct cutting edge in global competition

India political structure

India, a union of states, is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government. The Indian Polity is governed in terms of the Constitution, which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 November 1950.
The President is the constitutional head of Executive of the Union. Real executive power vests in a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as head. Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President who shall, in exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, the House of the People.
In the states, the Governor, as the representative of the President, is the head of Executive, but real executive power rests with the Chief Minister who heads the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers of a state is collectively responsible to the elected legislative assembly of the state.
The Constitution governs the sharing of legislative power between Parliament and the State Legislatures, and provides for the vesting of residual powers in Parliament. The power to amend the Constitution also vests in Parliament.
The Union Executive consists of the President, the Vice President and Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President

Hockey.
Hockey's birth place is Asia and Persia is credited with having devised it about 2000 B.C. It is said that Greeks and Romans played hockey but nothing is known about the nature of the game that they played. The earliest mention of the present day game dates back only to 1527, when the Galway Statutes included 'hokie'- the hurling of little ball with sticks or staves in a list of prohibited games.
Modern hockey, as created in England, resembles closely games once popular in the British Isles and there is no doubt that hockey's immediate fore-runners were the Scottish shinty, the English and Welsh bandy an the Irish hurling.
The game has witnessed numerous refinements over the years. Among the earliest refinement was the prohibition of raising the stick above shoulder level.Hockey became popular in India when the British Regiments played the game in India and introduced it in the British India Regiments who quickly picked up the game. The first hockey club was formed in Calcutta in 1885-86 followed by Bombay and Punjab.
The Bengal Hockey was the first Hockey Association in India founded in 1908. The second was formed in 1920 in Karachi by the name 'Sind Hockey Association'. In the Olympic games, India played hockey for the first time n 1928 held in Amsterdam. She reached the finals defeating Austria, Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland. In the final, India defeated Holland by three goals to nil.

Cricket
Cricket can claim a longer history than any other team game. Historians have attempted to trace its origin in various ball games played by ancient races and, even if some of these derivations are a little far fetched, we can at least say that 250 years ago the game was being played in a form not so very dissimilar from that of today.
Hampshire, particularly the village of Hambledon, Surrey and Kent really pioneered this game that was later to be taken so seriously at the other end of England, though the great days of the Hambledon cricketers were somewhat later than our late 17th century starting point.
Cricket, like Hockey, was brought to the Indian sub-continent by the British. There are references to cricket having being played in India in the early parts of the 18th century. By the beginning of the 19th century the game was being played in the cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
The presidency matches began in 1892-93 between Parsis and Europeans and the tournament became the Bombay Triangular, with the Hindus fielding a team in 1907-08. In 1912-13, the tournament became quadrangular with the entry of Muslims in the field. With the efforts of several Princes, H E Grant-Gloven and A S de Mellow, the national championship, the Ranji Trophy began in 1935.India played its first official Test against England in 1932

Indian clothing

To the foreign traveler, one of the powerful attractions in India is the colorful and diversified attire of its people. The silk saris, brightly mirrored cholis, colorful lehangas and the traditional salwar-kameez have fascinated many a traveler over the centuries.
For a single length of material, the sari must be the most versatile garment in existence. It is only one of the many traditional garments worn by women, yet it has somehow become the national dress of Indian women. A sari is a rectangular piece of cloth which is five to six yards in length. The style, color and texture of this cloth varies and it might be made from cotton, silk or one of the several man-made materials.
The sari has an ageless charm since it is not cut or tailored for a particular size. This garment can fit any size and if worn properly can accentuate or conceal. This supremely graceful attire can also be worn in several ways and its manner of wearing as well as its color and texture are indicative of the status, age, occupation, region and religion of a woman.
The tightly fitted, short blouse worn under a sari is a choli. The choli evolved as a form of clothing in 10th century AD and the first cholis were only front covering; the back was always bare. Bodices of this type are still common in the state of Rajasthan

Indian sculptures
The next golden chapter of Indian sculpture opens in the 3rd century BC, when the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka adopted Buddhism and set out on a mission to spread the teachings of the faith as far and wide as possible. He had 85,000 stupas or dome-shaped monuments constructed with the teachings of Buddhism engraved on rocks and pillars. These inscriptions which served as edicts can be seen in Buddhist monuments in Gujarat, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The famous Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath in Madhya Pradesh gleams in polished sandstone representing the hieratic art under the Mauryan Empire. The lion capital of the pillar is now the official emblem of the Indian Republic and the sacred wheel of law or the dharmachakra is symbolic of the first sermon that Buddha delivered at Sarnath.
The Great Stupa at Sanchi is perhaps the finest surviving relic of the Mauryan Empire and is a renowned Buddhist monument. Its finely carved gateways depict Buddhist legends and lifestyles of two thousand years ago. The foundation of the Stupa was laid by Ashoka and he set up monasteries here as a retreat for the Buddhist monks. The Great Stupa is fifty-four feet high and is surrounded by a stone railing and four elaborately carved gateways on each side. The gateway reliefs depict tales of Buddha's incarnations, his life as a prince, his moment of enlightenment, his sermons and his worshippers. This site at Sanchi also includes remains of smaller stupas, pillars and monasteries.
In the 1st century AD, the position changed somewhat radically in art and sculpture. The human figure replaced the symbolic representation of Buddha and his teachings. Though Buddha opposed the idea of idol worship, his cult image was established and became essential for acts of worship. The Mathura and the Gandhara schools of sculpture imparted human form to Buddha's image. To emphasise his divinity, this human form was depicted with features like a halo around the head, the dharmachakra engraved upon his palms and soles of his feet, and the lion throne representing his royal ancestry. These early stone images of Buddha are awe-inspiring in terms of size and magnificence. The Buddha statues of the 5th century exhibit a unique sensibility with human figures that are meditative and serene, a body that is subtly modelled and a face that glows with enlightenment. Here, the ultimate definition of the divine is indicated in the soft folds of the dress, the exquisite curvature of the hands and the half-closed eyes of the Buddha.

Indian Paintings

Indian paintings provide an aesthetic continuum that extends from the early civilization to the present day. This form of art in India is vivid and lively, refined and sophisticated and bold and vigorous at the same time. From being essentially religious in purpose in the beginning, Indian paintings have evolved over the years to become a fusion of various traditions which influenced them.
During the 4th century AD. in a remote valley in Western India, work began on the Ajanta caves to create a complex of Buddhist monasteries and prayer halls. The sculptor-monks who lived here during the months of rain also took up a novel exercise of painting large tempera murals on the walls of the caves. The walls and ceilings were painted with frescoes in vibrant mineral colours.
These paintings turned out to be of a quality which has never been surpassed.
The themes of these wall-paintings range from Buddhist legends to decorative patterns of flowers and animals. They seek to depict permanent human values and principles and are also records of the social texture of the times. The Golden Age of India under the Mauryan Empire was marked by luxurious living and splendour. The Ajanta murals were painted during this time of prosperity.
These murals also formed the basis of an entire aesthetic tradition which later spread to other countries in Asia. Versatility of line and form and role of color and composition are the endearing features of this art form. These paintings create a feeling of gaiety, wonder and resonance in the beholder. The viewer is transported into another state of consciousness where sound and light and colour and palpable form are fused into one separate reality.

Principal Engineer

Our exclusively retained client is an international company operating in the high technology defence and electronics sectors. In the UK it is the name behind many systems that enhance and secure our day to day lives.We are currently recruiting a Principal Engineer to design military sensor systems for a highly specialist missile systems business area.
The role will join a leading systems and electronic design group and will involve designing, developing and testing radar and RF systems in support of new products.As Principal Engineer, you will lead teams of engineers on different projects, providing mentoring to graduates and entry level engineers.
Working at a strategic level across the technical community, the role will also involve dealing with customers from supporting initial bids to leading new systems design or development projects.You will have proven experience of RF design, development and test with excellent problem solving abilities.
You will have a good understanding of defence development programmes with previous experience on large sensor and radar programmes. Any previous experience of leading technical teams or the aptitude to take this on is important. A knowledge of MathCAD or Matlab (from degree or commercial experience) is preferred.

Typing jobs.

Do not send payment to a prospective "employer" for any reason (e.g. visa or processing fees). A legitimate employer will not ask you for fees and you will lose any money you send.
Beware of any "job offers" that require you to act as a "payment intermediary." You will be asked to receive payments via cashier's check, keep some percentage as a "payment fee", and then to wire a lesser amount to a third-party. The cashier's check will be fake and you will lose the amount sent to the third-party.
A distant seller or owner asks for payment via Western Union or MoneyGram. After payment is sent using one of these services, the distant owner promises to send item or keys via Fed Ex, DHL or other delivery service however the items or keys never arrive.
A common misconception is that the victim's bank account is requested so the culprit can plunder it -- this is not the primary reason for the account request -- merely a signal they have hooked another victim.

Scientific modelling

Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and or mathematical models. Science offers a growing collection of methods, techniques and theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modelling.
Modeling is an essential and inseparable part of all scientific activity, and many scientific disciplines have their own ideas about specific types of modeling. There is little general theory about scientific modeling, offered by the philosophy of science, systems theory, and new fields like knowledge visualization
Scientific method refers to the body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses
A simulation is the implementation of a model over time. A simulation brings a model to life and shows how a particular object or phenomenon will behave. It is useful for testing, analysis or training where real-world systems or concepts can be represented by a model.

IT jobs in India

No conflict of interest: We do not offer financial services such as broking, fund management, merchant banking, etc. This allows us to remain unbiased.
Multiple Views: We realise however, that every person or analyst might be individually biased. So we provide a platform for any person - investor, analyst, brokerage house, merchant banker, economist... whoever - to publish their research or views on the ValueNotes site. This enables investors to gain access to multiple views (which might differ) and then take an "informed" decision.
More than multiple views: Our commitment to providing multiple viewpoints and opinions is so strong that we provide thousands of links to our competitor's sites. If any web site provides quality information on Indian business or markets, we index these links in our database. Currently, we give links to over 500 sites.
Search engine: This massive amount of information is organized as a directory, or human powered search engine, searchable by keyword. What's more, our researchers categorize and index every article - by company, industry, subject, etc... making it easy for users to quickly find what they need.

IT jobs

Business activity is a feature of everyone’s life. As consumers and producers,
employees, employers or self-employed, savers and investors, and as importers and
exporters, people throughout the world engage in a web of business activities to
design, produce, market, deliver and support a range of goods and services.

Business Studies is distinctive in that it encompasses the theoretical and practical
aspects of business and management in contexts which students will encounter in
life. Conceptually, it offers focus areas and perspectives ranging from the planning of
a small business to the broader roles of management, finance, employment
relations, marketing and the impact of the global business environment. Through the
incorporation of contemporary business theories and practices the course provides
rigour and depth and lays an excellent foundation for students either in further
tertiary study or in future employment.

Business case studies are embedded in the course to provide a stimulating and
relevant framework for students to apply theoretical concepts encountered in the
business environment. Students investigate business establishment and operations
and utilise a range of business information to assess and evaluate business
performance. The role of incentive, personal motivation and entrepreneurship,
especially in small business, is recognised as a powerful influence in business
success.

Business Studies makes a significant contribution to the ability to participate
effectively in the business environment. Students completing this course will develop
general and specific skills including research, analysis, problem-solving, decisionmaking,
critical thinking and communication. These skills enhance students’
confidence and ability to participate effectively, not only as members of the business
world, but as informed citizens dealing with issues emanating from business activitythat impacts on their lives.

Business studies

Business activity is a feature of everyone’s life. As consumers and producers,
employees, employers or self-employed, savers and investors, and as importers and
exporters, people throughout the world engage in a web of business activities to
design, produce, market, deliver and support a range of goods and services.

Business Studies is distinctive in that it encompasses the theoretical and practical
aspects of business and management in contexts which students will encounter in
life. Conceptually, it offers focus areas and perspectives ranging from the planning of
a small business to the broader roles of management, finance, employment
relations, marketing and the impact of the global business environment.

Through the incorporation of contemporary business theories and practices the course providesrigour and depth and lays an excellent foundation for students either in further
tertiary study or in future employment.

Business case studies are embedded in the course to provide a stimulating and
relevant framework for students to apply theoretical concepts encountered in the
business environment. Students investigate business establishment and operations
and utilise a range of business information to assess and evaluate business
performance. The role of incentive, personal motivation and entrepreneurship,
especially in small business, is recognised as a powerful influence in business
success.

Business Roles

SOM manages order processing, and moves of services and equipment. This module tracks orders initiated, pending and completed. It identifies all chargeable components (posted automatically to the billing module). Customers can place orders over the web and check the status too. SOM provides automated work orders. It tracks their status; pending or completed. It automatically updates equipment and cable inventories.

Manages details of vendor billing to the phone company and billing to its customers. It enables professionals to determine the elements and complexities of services to customers.

A common library of codes tracks individual service and equipment items offered to customers. Inventory is capable of distributing costs to the Billing module on the basis of unit rates
Repair requests can be made and subsequent status checked over the web. The system generates tickets and provides tracking and disposition information.

RAM quickly schedules and manages appropriate repairs by immediate updates from the Inventory, Network and Warranty Admin modules. It can verify vendor billing, track warranties and vendor assignments, and charge billable repairs to customers.

Global Sources

India importers are looking to China manufacturers more and more to fight rising costs, according to dual surveys released by trade publisher and trade show organizer Global Sources (NASDAQ: GSOL). The surveys, conducted in July and August, tracked the views of thousands of volume importers and purchasing managers who supply India’s retail distribution channels.

The surveys focused on consumer electronics and hardware and building materials – two of India’s fastest growing segments.“As India’s economy continues to expand, Indian consumers have more disposable income to spend on luxury goods like consumer electronics,” said Bill Janeri, General Manager at Global Sources.

“Indian consumers want the next hot electronics gadget. Or a new large-screen LCD television. And retail distribution channels in India are better able to supply this demand than ever before, with a wide selection of quality, affordable products.”“At the same time, India’s construction boom is driving the need for more and more building materials and hardware products. Because of the volumes required by some of India’s property developers, many are importing these building materials directly from China,” Janeri added.Last year, China became India’s largest trading partner – overtaking the United States.

While Indo-US aggregate international trade is expanding by 23-24% annually, India-China trade grew at 50% during 2002-2006 and increased by 54% during 2007 to reach $37 billion.

Electronic business
Any transaction completed over a computer-mediated network that transfers ownership of, or rights to use, goods or services. The value of goods and services sold on-line. The term “on-line” includes the use of the Internet, Intranet, and Extranet, as well as proprietary information that runs over systems such as Electronic Data Interchanges (EDI) networks.
The economic infrastructure that is used to support electronic business processes and conduct electronic commerce transactions. It includes hardware, software, telecommunication networks, support services, and human capital used in electronic business and commerce
The Market Segment Specialization Program focuses on developing highly trained examiners for a particular market segment. A market segment may be an industry such as construction or entertainment, a profession like attorneys or real estate agents or an issue like passive activity losses
The Internet has provided a medium for new growth in the bartering exchange industry. This section provides helpful information on bartering. The IRS has teamed up with national practitioner organizations to provide more information and resources for your business.

Social Networking

LONDON (Reuters Life!) - Good news for workers addicted to Facebook, Bebo and MySpace -- a British think-tank says bosses should not stop their staff using social networking sites because they could actually benefit their firms.
The report by Demos said encouraging employees to use networking technologies to build relationships and closer links with colleagues and customers could help businesses rather than damage them.
Author Peter Bradwell said that while companies were using specific systems to share information, online social networking sites could also play a role, helping with productivity, innovation and democratic working.
However, he said there should be practical guidelines to limit non-work usage. His research concluded that trying to control the use of sites such as Facebook, which alone boasts more than 100 million users worldwide, could even harm organisations

4. History of Advertising

Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompei and ancient Arabia. Lost andfound advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BCE.[6]
As the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs that today would say cobbler, miller, tailor or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers or town criers to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.
As education became an apparent need and reading, as well printing developed, advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, falseadvertising and so-called "quack" advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg
Edo period advertising flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan
As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising.

Share Business in India

India Share market enables the buying and selling of the collective shares of the various companies as well as other securities and derivatives. The shares of the Indian market are expressed as a company's sales revenue from Indian Share Market divided by the total sales revenue available in the share market of India.

The Indian share market is thus one of the most important sources of the companies for raising money. The Indian economy is among the fastest growing in the world, with GDP growth rate being 9.4% in 2006-07 from 7% in the last financial year 2005-06, indicating that the Indian market economy has a steady growth rate over the last two decades.


The shares of the companies belonging to leading industries like automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing, fuel, machinery, mining, pharmaceuticals, steel, transportation equipments and textiles are those which dominate the India Share Market.

Cycle business

The explanation of fluctuations in aggregate economic activity is one of the primary concerns of macroeconomics. The most commonly used framework for explaining such fluctuations is Keynesian economics. In the Keynesian view, business cycles reflect the possibility that the economy may reach short-run equilibrium at levels below or above full employment. If the economy is operating with less than full employment, i.e., with high unemployment then in theory monetary policy and fiscal policy can have a positive role to play rather than simply causing inflation or diverting funds to inefficient uses.



Keynesian models do not necessarily imply periodic business cycles. However, simple Keynesian models involving the interaction of the Keynesian multiplier and accelerator give rise to cyclical responses to initial shocks. Paul Samuelson's "oscillator model" is supposed to account for business cycles thanks to the multiplier and the accelerator. The amplitude of the variations in economic output depends on the level of the investment, for investment determines the level of aggregate output (multiplier), and is determined by aggregate demand (accelerator).



In the Keynesian tradition, Richard Goodwin accounts for cycles in output by the distribution of income between business profits and workers wages. The fluctuations in wages are the same as in the level of employment, for when the economy is at full-employment, workers are able to demand rises in wages, whereas in periods of high unemployment, wages tend to fall. According to Goodwin, when unemployment and business profits rise, the output rises.Keynesian


economist Hyman Minski has proposed a explanation of cycles founded on fluctuations in credit, interest rates and financial frailty. In an expansion period, interest rates are low and companies easily borrow money from banks to invest. Banks are not reluctant to grant them loans, because expanding economic activity allows business increasing cash flows and therefore they will be able to easily pay back the loans. This process leads to firms becoming excessively indebted, so that they stop investing, and the economy goes into recession

Manhattan -With gas prices at a record high and environmental awareness growing, bike use is on the rise in the city. Since 2000, the number of riders has increased 75 percent, according to the city Department of Transportation.
Some new businesses are popping up to help meet the demand. Meet the self-proclaimed “Drug Dealer of Bikes” — a bus driver whose side business is also in transportation. Meanwhile, the folks at Recycle a Bicycle in the East Village are taking donated bikes, fixing and selling them, with profits going toward the group’s education programs.
Mercedes Herman, a registered nurse with nearly four decades of experience, can retire in 2010 but was planning to keep working for several more years at St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan. But possible recession-driven changes to her employer-funded pension plan have her rethinking her future.
The potential retirement of Herman and hundreds like her, spurred by a desire to protect a higher pension payout, could diminish the ranks of an already overstretched workforce.